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Thinking in Java, 1st edition - Contents

Thinking in Java, 1st edition - Title Page

Foreword
Introduction

Prerequisites
Learning Java
Goals
Online documentation
Chapters
Exercises
Multimedia CD ROM
Source code

Coding standards

Java versions
Seminars and mentoring
Errors
Note on the cover design
Acknowledgements

1: Introduction to objects

The progress of abstraction
An object has an interface
The hidden implementation
Reusing the implementation
Inheritance: reusing the interface

Overriding base-class functionality
Is-a vs. is-like-a relationships

Interchangeable objects with polymorphism

Dynamic binding
Abstract base classes and interfaces

Object landscapes and lifetimes

Collections and iterators
The singly-rooted hierarchy
Collection libraries and support for easy collection use

Downcasting vs. templates/generics

The housekeeping dilemma: who should clean up?

Garbage collectors vs. efficiency and flexibility

Exception handling: dealing with errors
Multithreading
Persistence
Java and the Internet

What is the Web?

Client/Server computing
The Web as a giant server

Client-side programming

Plug-ins
Scripting languages
Java
ActiveX
Security
Internet vs. Intranet

Server-side programming
A separate arena: applications

Analysis and Design

Staying on course
Phase 0: Let’s make a plan
Phase 1: What are we making?
Phase 2: How will we build it?
Phase 3: Let’s build it!
Phase 4: Iteration
Plans pay off

Java vs. C++?

2: Everything is an object

You manipulate objects with handles
You must create all the objects

Where storage lives
Special case: primitive types

High-precision numbers

Arrays in Java

You never need to destroy an object

Scoping
Scope of objects

Creating new data types: class

Fields and methods

Default values for primitive members

Methods, arguments and return values

The argument list

Building a Java program

Name visibility
Using other components
The static keyword

Your first Java program
Comments and embedded documentation

Comment documentation
Syntax
Embedded HTML
@see: referring to other classes
Class documentation tags

@version
@author

Variable documentation tags
Method documentation tags

@param
@return
@exception
@deprecated

Documentation example

Coding style
Summary
Exercises

3: Controlling program flow

Using Java operators

Precedence
Assignment

Aliasing during method calls

Mathematical operators

Unary minus and plus operators

Auto increment and decrement
Relational operators

Testing object equivalence

Logical operators

Short-circuiting

Bitwise operators
Shift operators
Ternary if-else operator
The comma operator
String operator +
Common pitfalls when using operators
Casting operators

Literals
Promotion

Java has no “sizeof”
Precedence revisited
A compendium of operators

Execution control

true and false
if-else

return

Iteration
do-while
for

The comma operator

break and continue

The infamous “goto”

switch

Calculation details

Summary
Exercises

4: Initialization and cleanup

Guaranteed initialization with the constructor
Method overloading

Distinguishing overloaded methods
Overloading with primitives
Overloading on return values
Default constructors
The this keyword

Calling constructors from constructors
The meaning of static

Cleanup: finalization and garbage collection

What is finalize( ) for?
You must perform cleanup

Member initialization

Specifying initialization
Constructor initialization

Order of initialization
Static data initialization
Explicit static initialization
Non-static instance initialization

Array initialization

Multidimensional arrays

Summary
Exercises

5: Hiding the implementation

package: the library unit

Creating unique package names

Automatic compilation
Collisions

A custom tool library

Classpath pitfall

Using imports to change behavior
Package caveat

Java access specifiers

“Friendly”
public: interface access

The default package

private: you can’t touch that!
protected: “sort of friendly”

Interface and implementation
Class access
Summary
Exercises

6: Reusing classes

Composition syntax
Inheritance syntax

Initializing the base class

Constructors with arguments
Catching base constructor exceptions

Combining composition and inheritance

Guaranteeing proper cleanup

Order of garbage collection

Name hiding

Choosing composition vs. inheritance
protected
Incremental development
Upcasting

Why “upcasting”?

Composition vs. inheritance revisited

The final keyword

Final data

Blank finals
Final arguments

Final methods
Final classes
Final caution

Initialization and class loading

Initialization with inheritance

Summary
Exercises

7: Polymorphism

Upcasting

Why upcast?

The twist

Method call binding
Producing the right behavior
Extensibility

Overriding vs. overloading
Abstract classes and methods
Interfaces

“Multiple inheritance” in Java
Extending an interface with inheritance
Grouping constants
Initializing fields in interfaces

Inner classes

Inner classes and upcasting
Inner classes in methods and scopes
The link to the outer class
static inner classes
Referring to the outer class object
Inheriting from inner classes
Can inner classes be overridden?
Inner class identifiers
Why inner classes: control frameworks

Constructors and polymorphism

Order of constructor calls
Inheritance and finalize( )
Behavior of polymorphic methods inside constructors

Designing with inheritance

Pure inheritance vs. extension
Downcasting and run-time type identification

Summary
Exercises

8: Holding your objects

Arrays

Arrays are first-class objects

Collections of primitives

Returning an array

Collections

Disadvantage: unknown type

Sometimes it works right anyway
Making a type-conscious Vector
Parameterized types

Enumerators (iterators)
Types of collections

Vector

Crashing Java

BitSet
Stack
Hashtable

Creating “key” classes
Properties: a type of Hashtable

Enumerators revisited

Sorting
The generic collection library
The new collections

Using Collections
Using Lists
Using Sets
Using Maps
Choosing an implementation

Choosing between Lists
Choosing between Sets
Choosing between Maps

Unsupported operations
Sorting and searching

Arrays
Comparable and Comparator
Lists

Utilities

Making a Collection or Map unmodifiable
Synchronizing a Collection or Map

Summary
Exercises

9: Error handling with exceptions

Basic exceptions

Exception arguments

Catching an exception

The try block
Exception handlers

Termination vs. resumption

The exception specification
Catching any exception
Rethrowing an exception

Standard Java exceptions

The special case of RuntimeException

Creating your own exceptions
Exception restrictions
Performing cleanup with finally

What’s finally for?
Pitfall: the lost exception

Constructors
Exception matching

Exception guidelines

Summary
Exercises

10: The Java IO system

Input and output

Types of InputStream
Types of OutputStream

Adding attributes and useful interfaces

Reading from an InputStream with FilterInputStream
Writing to an OutputStream with FilterOutputStream

Off by itself: RandomAccessFile
The File class

A directory lister

Anonymous inner classes
A sorted directory listing

Checking for and creating directories

Typical uses of IO streams

Input streams

1. Buffered input file
2. Input from memory
3. Formatted memory input
4. Line numbering and file output

Output streams

5. Storing and recovering data
6. Reading and writing random access files

Shorthand for file manipulation

7. File input shorthand
8. Formatted file output shorthand
9. Data file output shorthand

Reading from standard input
Piped streams

StreamTokenizer

StringTokenizer

Java 1.1 IO streams

Sources and sinks of data
Modifying stream behavior
Unchanged Classes
An example
Redirecting standard IO

Compression

Simple compression with GZIP
Multi-file storage with Zip
The Java archive (jar) utility

Object serialization

Finding the class
Controlling serialization

The transient keyword
An alternative to Externalizable
Versioning

Using persistence

Summary
Exercises

11: Run-time type identification

The need for RTTI

The Class object

Class literals

Checking before a cast

Using class literals
A dynamic instanceof

RTTI syntax
Reflection: run-time class information

A class method extractor

Summary
Exercises

12: Passing and returning objects

Passing handles around

Aliasing

Making local copies

Pass by value
Cloning objects
Adding cloneability to a class

Using a trick with protected
Implementing the Cloneable interface

Successful cloning
The effect of Object.clone( )
Cloning a composed object
A deep copy with Vector
Deep copy via serialization
Adding cloneability further down a hierarchy
Why this strange design?

Controlling cloneability

The copy-constructor

Why does it work in C++ and not Java?

Read-only classes

Creating read-only classes
The drawback to immutability
Immutable Strings

Implicit constants
Overloading ‘+’ and the StringBuffer

The String and StringBuffer classes
Strings are special

Summary
Exercises

13: Creating windows and applets

Why use the AWT?
The basic applet

Testing applets
A more graphical example
Demonstrating the framework methods

Making a button
Capturing an event
Text fields
Text areas
Labels
Check boxes
Radio buttons
Drop-down lists
List boxes

handleEvent( )

Controlling layout

FlowLayout
BorderLayout
GridLayout
CardLayout

Combining layouts

GridBagLayout

Alternatives to action
Applet restrictions

Applet advantages

Windowed applications

Menus
Dialog boxes

File dialogs

The new AWT

The new event model
Event and listener types

Using listener adapters for simplicity

Making windows and applets with the Java 1.1 AWT

Making the window listener an anonymous class
Packaging the applet into a JAR file

Revisiting the earlier examples

Text fields
Text areas
Check boxes and radio buttons
Drop-down lists
Lists
Menus
Dialog boxes
File dialogs

Binding events dynamically
Separating business logic from UI logic
Recommended coding approaches

Baseline: the good way to do it
Implementing the main class as a listener
Mixing the approaches
Inheriting a component
Ugly component inheritance

Java 1.1 UI APIs

Desktop colors
Printing

Printing text
Printing graphics
Running Frames within applets

The clipboard

Visual programming and Beans

What is a Bean?
Extracting BeanInfo with the Introspector
A more sophisticated Bean
Packaging a Bean
More complex Bean support
More to Beans

Introduction to Swing

Benefits of Swing
Easy conversion
A display framework
Tool tips
Borders
Buttons
Button groups
Icons
Menus
Popup menus
List boxes and combo boxes
Sliders and progress bars
Trees
Tables
Tabbed Panes
The Swing message box
More to Swing

Summary
Exercises

14: Multiple threads

Responsive user interfaces

Inheriting from Thread
Threading for a responsive interface

Improving the code with an inner class

Combining the thread with the main class
Making many threads
Daemon threads

Sharing limited resources

Improperly accessing resources
How Java shares resources

Synchronizing the counters
Synchronized efficiency

Java Beans revisited

Blocking

Becoming blocked

Sleeping
Suspending and resuming
Wait and notify
Blocking on IO
Testing

Deadlock

The deprecation of stop( ), suspend( ), resume( ), and destroy( ) in Java 1.2

Priorities

Thread groups

Controlling thread groups

Runnable revisited

Too many threads

Summary
Exercises

15: Network programming

Identifying a machine

Servers and clients

Testing programs without a network

Port: a unique place within the machine

Sockets

A simple server and client

Serving multiple clients
Datagrams
A Web application

The server application

The C program
The Java program

The NameSender applet

The Web page

Problems with this approach

Connecting Java to CGI

Encoding data for CGI
The applet

Displaying a Web page from within an applet

The CGI program in C++
What about POST?

Connecting to databases with JDBC

Getting the example to work

Step 1: Find the JDBC Driver
Step 2: Configure the database
Step 3: Test the configuration
Step 4: Generate your SQL query
Step 5: Modify and paste in your query

A GUI version of the lookup program
Why the JDBC API seems so complex

Remote methods

Remote interfaces
Implementing the remote interface

Setting up the registry

Creating stubs and skeletons
Using the remote object
Alternatives to RMI

Summary
Exercises

16: Design patterns

The pattern concept

The singleton
Classifying patterns

The observer pattern
Simulating the trash recycler
Improving the design

“Make more objects”
A pattern for prototyping creation

Trash subclasses
Parsing Trash from an external file
Recycling with prototyping

Abstracting usage
Multiple dispatching

Implementing the double dispatch

The “visitor” pattern

More coupling?

RTTI considered harmful?
Summary
Exercises

17: Projects

Text processing

Extracting code listings

Building a packed file
Extracting from a packed file
Accessing and writing the listings
Containing the entire collection of listings
The main program

Checking capitalization style

A method lookup tool
Complexity theory
Summary
Exercises

A: Using non-Java code

The Java Native Interface

Calling a native method

The C header file generator: javah
Name mangling and function signatures
Implementing your DLL

Accessing JNI functions: The JNIEnv argument

Accessing Java Strings

Passing and using Java objects
JNI and Java exceptions
JNI and threading
Using a pre-existing code base

The Microsoft way
J/Direct

The @dll.import directive

Aliasing and linking by ordinal
Applying @dll.import to the entire class

The com.ms.win32 package
Marshaling
Writing callback functions
Other J/Direct features

Raw Native Interface (RNI)

RNI Summary

Java/COM integration

COM Fundamentals

GUIDs and the Registry
Type Libraries
Function return codes in COM: HRESULT

MS Java/COM Integration
Developing COM servers in Java
Developing COM clients in Java

The com.ms.com package

ActiveX/Beans integration
A note about native methods and applets

CORBA

CORBA Fundamentals

CORBA Interface Definition Language (IDL)
The naming service

An example

Writing the IDL source
Creating stubs and skeletons
Implementing the server and the client
Some CORBA services
Activating the name service process
Activating the server and the client

Java Applets and CORBA
CORBA vs. RMI

Summary

B: Comparing C++ and Java
C: Java programming guidelines
D: Performance

Basic approach
Locating the bottleneck

1. Install your own instrumentation
2. JDK profiling [2]
3. Special tools
Tips for measuring performance

Speedup techniques

Generic approaches
Language dependent approaches

General modifications

Specific situations

Other suggestions

References

Performance tools
Web sites
Articles
Java specific books
General books

E: A bit about garbage collection
F: Recommended reading
Index

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